Children are the foundation of a nation’s future. In Nepal, the legal system has evolved significantly to protect the rights of children and ensure their development in a safe, inclusive, and nurturing environment. From constitutional guarantees to specialized child protection laws, Nepal has built a legal framework that aligns with international standards like the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).
This article explores the child law in Nepal, covering key legislation, rights, enforcement mechanisms, and challenges in 2025.
Under Nepalese law, a child is defined as any person below the age of 18 years. This definition is consistent across the Constitution, the Children Act, and international treaties ratified by Nepal.
The Constitution of Nepal 2072 (2015) enshrines child rights as fundamental rights under Article 39. These include:
Right to identity and name
Right to education, health, and nutrition
Right to protection from exploitation, abuse, and neglect
Right to participate in decisions affecting them
Right to special protection for children with disabilities, conflict victims, and those at risk
These rights are enforceable by law, meaning any violation can be challenged in court.
This is the cornerstone of child protection in Nepal. It replaced the outdated Children Act 2048 and introduced modern, rights-based provisions.
Prohibits corporal punishment in schools and homes
Establishes child-friendly procedures in courts
Regulates child adoption and foster care
Mandates child protection committees at local levels
Criminalizes child labor, trafficking, and sexual abuse
Prohibits employment of children below 14 years
Regulates working conditions for children aged 14–18
Penalizes employers violating child labor laws
Ensures child-friendly justice system
Establishes juvenile benches in courts
Promotes rehabilitation over punishment
Guarantees free and compulsory basic education
Prohibits discrimination in school enrollment
Encourages inclusive education for children with disabilities.
Child law in Nepal is a dynamic and evolving field. With robust constitutional guarantees, progressive legislation, and growing awareness, Nepal is steadily building a safer and more inclusive environment for its children.
However, legal protection must be matched by effective enforcement, community engagement, and resource allocation. Only then can Nepal truly fulfill its promise of safeguarding every child’s right to survive, thrive, and participate.
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